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Culture, Traditions
Lucia Day and lussenatta in Swedish folklore
Dec
Today is Lucia Day, when one of our most beautiful (and also most mysterious) traditions takes place. This ancient tradition was originally celebrated around the winter solstice when the night of Lucia was the longest and darkest night of the year.
Welcome is the message Lucia brings, about Christmas finally "coming to life", after the long "dark times" of late autumn. And she herself is beautiful to behold, as the embodied genius of Christmas.
So writes Hilding Celander in the book Nordic Christmas from 1928 about Lucia's arrival that night. This night was known as modernatten in Östergötland, and must have had great significance for the general public in the dark and cold north, as the night of St. Lucia marked the turning point. After this night, the sun began to "rise" again in the sky.
Now up to the vulture in dark times! With the flame of tar, Lucia goes forth in sorrow and suffering. - From poems Lucia (1898) by Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Much folklore is associated with this night and day, and the same features are found in both parts of Norway and Sweden. In his book, Hilding Celander writes: "In southern Sweden (Småland, Halland, and neighbouring parts of Västergötland), all kinds of magic is going on at that time, especially with running water."
Many strange things happened during this night. The mills stood still, the water turned to wine at midnight, the fermentation of the beer stopped, etc. Nor were people allowed to work, because then ho Lussi take revenge and shout down the chimney:
Not brewing, not baking, not have big fires!
Sometimes people talked about a troll, Lusse or Lusseper, which puts obstacles in people's way. In Halland, Lucia was referred to as "a sorceress or a creature associated with evil spirits" or as "a troll who did all sorts of evil". In Väster-Dalarna (Malung), Lucia was thought of as a dangerous creature in the form of a bird of prey. In my region in central Norrland, too, children were frightened by Lucia. Here Lucia was told of as the tribal mother of the "invisible ones" or "whites".
At the same time Lusse spheres, a family of spirits, around the country during this long night. In the Halland settlement of Veddige, says Hilding Celander, it was customary to save the last chick of each field, and give it as fodder to the horses of the Lussefärs family. Hilding describes this "family of spirits" as "a whole retinue of men and women on their horses, from whom it is not good to fall, either to man or beast."
As in Norway, Hilding writes how there is a clear folkymological identification of Lucifer (and his family) with the village Lusse-Fär (= färd). "But the notion itself is much older," Hilding notes, "as can be seen from its correspondence with the West Norwegian lussi-faeren, lussi-reidi or jole-reidi, a strange ancient legend"
It was during this night, especially in the western Swedish counties, that the Christmas pig (or lussigrisen, as it is called in Närke) was slaughtered. In the book Nordic Christmas it is believed that it was no coincidence that the slaughter took place on this particular night.
Nor is it a coincidence that this was done on the night appointed for the winter solstice, but something that once had a purpose, which this was. - The slaughter of the Christmas pig has also provided the material conditions for the Lusseottan feast. This was essentially a slaughter meal.
Now for the big question that is repeated year after year.
Is Lucia a Swedish tradition or not?
Of course it is. It is a dumb question. But of course that doesn't stop some government institution or progressive editorial writer from reminding you that Lucia was indeed an Italian saint and that the tradition is therefore as un-Swedish as it gets. Who knows, maybe Saint Lucia identified as a man too? That would be the nail in the coffin for the typical image of Lucia as a woman.
Happy Lucia 🌟! pic.twitter.com/WCn5NguUec - Nordic Museum (@nordiskamuseet) December 13, 2017
Eller som Nordiska museet proklamerade på Twitter att den ljusbärande Luciabruden i vitt ”blev vanlig först på 1950-talet”, vilket faktiskt inte stämmer. Traditionen var redan i början av 1800-talet välkänd i södra Sverige, som Hilding konstaterade 1928. Men han konstaterar samtidigt att Luciabruden mest sannolikt inte är någon ursprunglig folklig tradition i Sverige:
Det är emellertid en öppen fråga, om Lussebruden är någon ursprungligen folklig sed. Utanför de västsvenska landskapen kan man med ganska stor bestämdhet påstå, att så inte är. Sedens vidsträckta spridning talar inte emot denna uppfattning, ty denna har bevisligen skett inemot eller i vår egen tid. Och det är ju inte alltid de ursprungliga sederna, som blir de mest populära. Därom lämnar julens historia mångfaldiga bevis; man behöver bara nämna julklappar och julgran. Det är istället de festligaste bruken, som har största utsikten att slå an och slå igenom. Och till dem hör onekligen denna Lucia.
Lucia, lussenatten, modernatten, trollnatten, det här är trådar som löper bakåt i vår svenska historia och vår folktro så långt det skrivna ordet minns. Vissa aspekter av traditionen är relativt unga, medan andra har sitt ursprung i forntidens glömska dimmor. Hur länge traditionerna och sederna funnits innan det skrivna ordet kan vi inte veta. Men frågar du mig spelar en traditions ålder inte heller någon roll.
Vi som lever idag kan bara bestämma vilken mening vi själva vill ingjuta i traditionerna. Det är nu våra traditioner, och vad vi känner för dem är faktiskt helt upp till oss. Det är när man hittar sin egen mening och ingjuter sin egen livskraft i en tradition som man gör den till sin egen och håller den vid liv, och det har svensk allmoge otvivelaktigt gjort. Vi har genom århundraden gjort Luciafirandet till vår egen tradition. Det kan ingen ta ifrån oss, inte ens postmoderna kulturradikaler i statens tjänst.
Många årtionden och sekel från idag, när postmodernism, genusteori, intersektionalitet och allt vad dessa revolutionära och ofrihetliga strömningar heter sedan länge förpassat sig själva till historiens skräphög – när många av oss som lever idag sedan länge är döda, begravda och bortglömda – kommer den ljusbärande, kronprydda kvinnan i vit skrud fortfarande bringa ljus, hopp och eftertanke i den nordiska vinternatten.
Vår moderna och samtidigt mycket gamla Luciahögtid är snart förbi, men än är inte faran över, för senare generationer har som sagt kastat om traditionen lite så den inte längre infaller på dess naturliga tidpunkt. Med vår tids kalender inträffar vintersolståndet och modernatten i år den 21 december, på Tomasdagen eller Tomasmäss. Så än har du chansen att skrämma barnen med berättelsen om Lusse-fär.
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